ABSTRACT
Despite the wide distribution of transposable elements (TEs) in mammalian genomes, part of their evolutionary significance remains to be discovered. Today there is a substantial amount of evidence showing that TEs are involved in the generation of new exons in different species. In the present study, we searched 22,805 genes and reported the occurrence of TE-cassettes in coding sequences of 542 cow genes using the RepeatMasker program. Despite the significant number (542) of genes with TE insertions in exons only 14 (2.6%) of them were translated into protein, which we characterized as chimeric genes. From these chimeric genes, only the FAST kinase domains 3 (FASTKD3) gene, present on chromosome BTA 20, is a functional gene and showed evidence of the exaptation event. The genome sequence analysis showed that the last exon coding sequence of bovine FASTKD3 is ~85% similar to the ART2A retrotransposon sequence. In addition, comparison among FASTKD3 proteins shows that the last exon is very divergent from those of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes and Canis familiares. We suggest that the gene structure of bovine FASTKD3 gene could have originated by several ectopic recombinations between TE copies. Additionally, the absence of TE sequences in all other species analyzed suggests that the TE insertion is clade-specific, mainly in the ruminant lineage.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle/genetics , DNA Transposable Elements , Genome , Chimera/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Evolution, Molecular , Exons , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Sequence Homology, Amino AcidABSTRACT
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate target gene expression and hence play important roles in metabolic pathways. Recent studies have evidenced the interrelation of miRNAs with cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and diseases. Since they are involved in gene regulation, they are intrinsically related to metabolic pathways. This leads to questions that are particularly interesting for investigating medical and laboratorial applications. We developed an miRNApath online database that uses miRNA target genes to link miRNAs to metabolic pathways. Currently, databases about miRNA target genes (DIANA miRGen), genomic maps (miRNAMap) and sequences (miRBase) do not provide such correlations. Additionally, miRNApath offers five search services and a download area. For each search, there is a specific type of input, which can be a list of target genes, miRNAs, or metabolic pathways, which results in different views, depending upon the input data, concerning relationships between the target genes, miRNAs and metabolic pathways. There are also internal links that lead to a deeper analysis and cross-links to other databases with more detailed information. miRNApath is being continually updated and is available at http://lgmb.fmrp.usp.br/mirnapath.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Databases, Nucleic Acid , MicroRNAs/genetics , Software , Computational Biology/methodsSubject(s)
Regional Blood Flow , Stomach , Vagotomy, Proximal Gastric , Models, Anatomic , Vinyl CompoundsABSTRACT
Os autores apresentam um estudo prospectivo em 62 pacientes portadores de megaesofago tratados com cardioplastia, pela tecnica de Thal-Hatafuku por via toracica.O acesso foi feito pelo 7o. espaco internacional esquerdo e os tempos cirurgicos sao os mesmos descritos por estes autores em trabalho publicado em 1972.Apresentaram resultados excelente e bom 82,1% dos casos As complicacoes surgidas foram as comumente encontradas em operacoes de igual porte Nao houve deiscencia ou obtito.A dilatacao esofagica reduziu-se em 52% do tamanho inicial apos um ano. Os autores concluem ser a cardioplastia de Thal-Hatafuku uma tecnica boa e segura no tratamento cirurgico do megaesofago
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Esophageal Achalasia , Surgical Procedures, OperativeABSTRACT
Os autores fazem consideracoes sobre 45 pacientes que sofreram intervencoes cirurgicas na via biliar principal em decorrencia de afeccoes benignas da regiao, no periodo compreendido entre maio de 1976 e janeiro de 1980. As indicacoes para a abertura e exploracao do hepatocoledoco sao reavaliadas. Chama-se a atencao para a identificacao do tipo de calculo encontrado na via biliar principal com determinante da escolha da tecnica operatoria a ser adotada para cada caso